Water and politics in Africa

The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD): the biggest hydroelectric project in Africa since its launch in 2011, and the most controversial one as well ( Verhoeven, 2021 ). The GERD is not the only dam on the Nile river, as shown by Figure 1. However, it is the most controversial. Why is that? This post will consider the politics of the GERD, taking a particular focus on the benefits of the dam for Ethiopia, but also the other Nile riparian countries. Figure 1: The major dams in the Eastern Nile River Basin The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, located 45km to the east of the border with Sudan and 750 km northwest of the Ethiopian capital of Addis Ababa, is a hydroelectric dam located on the Blue Nile. It is set to become the largest hydropower plant in Africa ( Burck, 2021 ). This huge project was funded internally, including through selling bonds to the Ethiopian diaspora ( Xinhua, 2018 ). The GERD started being operational on the 20th of February

 Welcome back! This post will delve deeper on the source of hope for economic development for certain countries as well as the source of conflict between countries, the Nile River and its basin, taking a closer look at Egypt's position. The Nile River Basin covers parts of 11 different countries, stretching from Egypt in the North to Tanzania and the DRC in the South, and is a source of water for over 300 million people. The transnational nature of the basin leads to uneven distribution and control of the water. The main users of water in the basin are agriculture and hydropower at about 85%, with almost all irrigation located in Egypt and Sudan ( Digna et al, 2017 ), but not all countries need the water to the same degree or for the same purposes ( Milas, 2013 ). Map of the Nile River Basin For example, Egypt, the country furthest downstream, views the Nile River as its sole significant water source and the reliability of its water flow as an extremely important matter ( Dadson et